Late at night…waiting for a friend to post pictures from Comic-Con…with nothing else to do. Okay…so I could read one of the hundreds of books waiting to be read in my room (yes…that is an over-exaggeration…if ONLY I had that many books to read…but then I’d be rich…or REALLY poor). So I decided to do something “productive” for once. Well…at least I spend my time not doing unproductive things (like playing Tetris on facebook…again). So…here’s part 2 of my brief biographies of mathematicians throughout history. This time I decided to look up a mathematician that is noted for what my major is (which would be Applied Mathematics). Out of the 300 mathematicians in my book…there’s only two. One of which is a female. Yay! And so I was gonna do both of them at the same time since the woman’s was so short (grr…why don’t women get more recognition? *sigh*). But then I looked at the entry before the Applied Mathematician Dude, and in this guy’s entry, I saw the woman’s name who I had decided to do. Lookie there! A married couple! EVEN BETTER! So…you get a double whammy this time (in a second post of the same week...ever). And it’s actually people I’ve never heard (or read) before. Now I command---I mean, please enjoy this wondrous and thoughtful---if you could just---um…nevermind. Roll film!
(Ladies first!)
Hilda Geiringer
Hilda Geiringer was born in Vienna on September 28, 1893. She showed a talent and interest in mathematics at an early age. (Don't you love those early age genuises?) She received a Ph.D. from the University of Vienna in 1917 for her thesis on double trigonometric series. During the following year, Geiringer moved to Germany to work at the Institute of Applied Mathematics in Berlin, under Richard von Mises, a founder of mathematical aerodynamics and contributor to probability theory.
Geiringer was an applied mathematician who made important contributions to the theory of plasticity of materials. She formulated the Geiringer equations for plane plastic deformations in 1930. She also pursued research in probability, statistics, genetics, and numerical methods. (*whistle* that's a lot of research...)
When war broke out in Europe, Geiringer, who had moved from Berlin to Turkey, fled to the United States with her daughter Magda (from a previous marriage with Felix Pollaczek). She gained citizenship in 1945.
In the late forties, Geiringer wrote several papers on statistics applied to Mendelian genetics and two papers on numerical methods. In the early fifties she took up plasticity again in a more general form. After the death of her husband von Mises, Geiringer worked at Harvard under a grant from the Office of Naval Research.
Geiringer retired from Wheaton in 1959, but continued her research work at Harvard. She was made Professor Emeritus by the University of Berlin in 1956, and was honored by the University of Vienna on the fiftieth anniversary of her graduation. She died on March 22, 1973 of influenzal pneumonia.
Richard von Mises
Von Mises was born April 19, 1883, in Austria. Although his family was Jewish (like Hilda Geiringer btw), von Mises converted to Catholicism as a young man. During his teenage years, von Mises studied a classical and humanistic curriculum at the Akademische Gymnasium; he graduated in 1901 with distinction in Latin and mathematics. A serious student who loved reading poetry and philosophy, he also enjoyed skating, dancing, and tennis. (Okay...I wanted to add something that was not so math-related about his life...but there wasn't much...hence the comment about converting to Catholicism.)
Richard Martin Edler von Mises was an aerodynamicist and applied mathematician who made significant contributions to the theory of probability and statistics, and also helped pioneer airplane design.
Throughout his career, he believed in solving problems through logical reasoning based on experience. Von Mises studied mechanical engineering at the Vienna Technical University, publishing his first mathematical paper as an undergraduate. He received his doctorate from the University of Vienna in 1907 and lectured the following year at the German Technical University at Brünn.
Von Mises began his career by investigating fluid mechanics. His own contributions to the field included improvements in boundary layer flow theory and refinements in airfoil design. In 1920, von Mises became professor of applied mathematics and director of the institute for Applied Mathematics at the University of Berlin. He published nearly 150 technical works throughout his career. While in Berlin, von Mises met Hilda Geiringer, a student from Vienna. She became his assistant, then his collaborator, and eventually his wife. Years later, after his death, Geiringer edited and completed some of his unfinished manuscripts.
Von Mises viewed applied mathematics as the crucial link between theory and scientific observation. He saw the field of statistics as fundamentally important: repetitions of an experiment yield a set of different measurements, which must be analyzed to obtain a single result for comparison with theoretical predictions. (No wonder there's statistics involved in my science labs and I'm relatively happy when those kinds of labs present themselves.)
Recognizing that the existing theory of probability was vague and non-rigorous, von Mises developed a formal, axiomatic treatment of the subject. Pierre S. Laplace’s original definition of the probability of an event was the ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to the number of possible outcomes, assuming each outcome to be equally likely. This worked adequately for artificial applications such as games of chance (how I hate those questions when I'm tutoring in the lab for the 108 students...when are we ever going to gamble? And my statistics class pretty much proved it's nearly impossible to win the Powerball lottery...I digress), but failed when applied to naturally occurring events (probability of rain on a given day).
In 1919, von Mises proposed two axioms that probability must satisfy. His axiom of convergence states that as a sequence of trials is extended, the proportion of favorable outcomes tends toward a definite mathematical limit. Such a limit must exist in order to define the probability of an event as the long-term relative frequency of its occurrence. His axiom states the limiting value of the relative frequency must be the same for all possible infinite subsequences of trials chosen solely by a rule of place selection within the sequence (the outcomes must be randomly distributed among the trials).
When Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, von Mises moved to Turkey and taught at the University of Istanbul. In 1939, he left for the United States and joined the faculty at Harvard University until his death from cancer on July 14, 1953.
Notable mathematicians from ancient times to the present. Detroit: Gale, 1998.
And now my friend has finished uploading her pics...although none of them interest me...(okay, so it's Joss Whedon...le sigh). And I have work tomorrow. Peace out all my non-readers!